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The Enigmatic Azorean Humpbacks

clock May 26, 2010 20:10 by author Justin Hart

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are perhaps the best known and most easily recognised of the great whales. They are charismatic and acrobatic animals, often breaching, lob-tailing, spy-hopping and flippering. They are also the most social of the baleen whales. Not surprisingly they make frequent subjects for wildlife film makers.  Their highly variable under-tail markings, ranging from pure white to pure black, differ between individuals and therefore also make them good subjects for photo-identification and research. Here in the Azores they are quite rare, usually just one or two sightings occur each year and their presence always causes great excitement among the whale watching community. This year has been good with six animals seen from three sightings so far. 

An 'Azorean Humpback'. Note the tubercles on it's rostrum are clearly visible. 
Red stained sea - fresh faeces from the Humpback - a sure sign of recent feeding activity, probably krill? 

Humpbacks are migratory. Some of their documented movements represent the longest known migrations of any mammal covering 5000 miles one way. Recent estimates suggest there are around 11,500 Humpbacks in the North Atlantic.  In the northern Spring these whales all return to specific feeding grounds in the Gulf of Maine, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, Labrador, Greenland, Iceland and Norway. Studies suggest that the whales faithfully return to these sites each year. In the winter whales from all these feeding grounds return to a common breeding ground in the West Indies to mate and calve. Just like the Blue, Fin and Sei whales, the Humpbacks that pass by Pico are on-passage. We usually see them in Spring when they are heading North.

Interestingly genetic data suggests the existence of a second breeding population composed of animals that spend the summer feeding in Norwegian and Icelandic waters. The location of this breeding site is still unknown. Small numbers of Humpbacks are also known to breed in the south-east Carribean and Cape Verde Islands and recent photo-ID has positively identified a Cape Verde breeding Humpback feeding in Icelandic waters. Perhaps the Cape Verdes are the location of the second breeding ground.

The markings on the lower side of the tail-flukes are unique to each animal and can be used in photo identification. 

Cw Azores are submitting all it's sighting data (including photos) to the North Atlantic Humpback Whale Catalogue and the researchers studying the Cape Verde population. In so doing we hope to contribute to a greater understanding of the Humpback whale's migration. Perhaps too, we can help locate the mysterious second breeding ground as well as help identify the migration routes of endangered populations such as found around the Cape Verde Islands.    

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Auto... Krill

clock May 16, 2010 21:32 by author Enrico Villa

E' difficile trovare le parole per descrivere l'eccezionalità degli eventi a cui stiamo assistendo a Pico (Azzorre) nelle ultime settimane.
Le nostre acque sono animate da un'incredibile esplosione di vita marina, che parte dagli organismi più piccoli come il fitoplankton, fino ad arrivare ai mastodontici giganti del mare, come la Balenottera azzurra, la Balenottera comune e la Balenottera boreale. Persino le Megattere, avvistate alle Azzorre solo saltuariamente, già in due occasioni in questo inizio di stagione hanno entusiasmato i passeggeri a bordo della nostra barca.


Megattera (Megaptera novaeangliae)

In inverno le balenottere si accoppiano e danno alla luce i propri piccoli in acque relativamente calme e confortevoli, cioè più vicino ai tropici.
Il problema delle acque tropicali e subtropicali, però, è che non sono molto produttive. La radiazione solare scalda la superficie dell'oceano e crea uno strato di acqua più calda (e quindi meno densa) sopra a uno strato di acqua più fredda (e quindi più densa). E' proprio questa stratificazione che limita il riciclo delle sostanze necessarie ad 'accendere il motore' della vita nell'oceano - il ciclo del fitoplankton, composto da organismi unicellulari responsabili della maggior parte della fotosintesi negli oceani.
Ecco allora che mentre i piccoli delle balenottere possono crescere in acque calme e tiepide, le loro mamme si trovano a sostenere lo sforzo dell'allattamento in un habitat dove il cibo scarseggia drammaticamente.

Quando arriva la primavera, i cuccioli di balenottera sono diventati abbastanza forti da poter intraprendere un'epica migrazione verso acque ricche di cibo.
E' un viaggio misterioso che possono sostenere solo insieme alle loro mamme, le quali nel frattempo hanno sviluppato una necessità impellente di mangiare.
All'esplosione del fitoplankton, primo anello della catena alimentare, segue a breve un aumento drammatico di biomassa dello zooplankton, il secondo anello della catena.
Parte dello zooplankton è costituita da crostacei dalle sembianze di minuscoli gamberetti, universalmente noti come Krill (vedi foto di sotto). 


Krill in superficie a Pico

E' a questo punto che avviene il 'corto circuito'. Al terzo anello della catena appartengono infatti anche gli animali più grandi del nostro pianeta - le balenottere.
Proprio come noi durante un lungo viaggio in autostrada, nella loro rotta verso nord le balenottere non disdegnano fermarsi a una stazione di servizio per rifocillarsi. Ecco perché in queste settimane le vediamo così spesso qui a Pico. Si tratta di una sosta all'Auto... Krill!
E l'abbondanza di Krill è semplicemente stupefacente!


Balenottera boreale (Balaenoptera borealis)


Mamma e cucciolo di Balenottera azzurra (Balaenoptera musculus)

Fortunato chi si trova a Pico in questo momento e chi, non volendo perdersi questo evento epocale, ha deciso di unirsi a noi negli ultimi giorni.
So che può sembrare inopportuno fare marketing all'interno di un articolo informativo. D'altro canto, il messaggio che vogliamo far passare è davvero importante.
Sta accadendo adesso, sta accadendo proprio qui. E' una delle più formidabili occasioni che si siano registrate negli ultimi anni e non vogliamo avere il rimorso di non averlo sottolineato fino in fondo.
  

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Ocean Arithmetic

clock May 15, 2010 22:20 by author Justin Hart

Krill + Fish = Seabirds + Whales. 

I love the maths here. In truth, as any modeller of ocean ecosystems will tell you, the relationships between each trophic level are more complex than I state above. Nevertheless sometimes the outcome of these relationships are plain to see. In the last few weeks we have had a super abundance of krill. We have also had an abundance of their predators; fish such as sardines, baleen whales and seabirds, particularly Cory's shearwaters Calonectris diomedea. Day after day regular sightings of Blue whales Balaenoptera musculus, Fin whales Balaenoptera physalus and Sei whales Balaenoptera borealis have been thrilling our clients. So far six Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae have also been seen. These whales are particularly rare here, this side of the Atlantic.

 
The dorsal fins of a mother Blue whale and her calf.
 
 
The long flat rostrum of a surfacing Fin whale. 
 
 
A Sei whale, note the proportionately short rostrum down turned at the tip. 
  
 
A Humpback whale 'turning-tail'. Photo by Veronica Rossin.
 
Dolphins too, have been enjoying the abundance of food. Some have been seen feeding on the krill directly, but like the Cory's shearwaters they are more interested in the plentiful fish.
 
 
 
Common dolphins - all action as usual. 
 
 
On some days swarms of krill are visible from the surface. When fish attack them they leap from the surface to escape. 
 
 
 
The cycle of life. Two Cory's shearwaters fighting over a sardine.
Look carefully and you can also see tiny krill leaping from the water in front and behind the birds. 

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Join us for an unforgettable holiday!

The Azores are one of the very top destinations in the world for whale watching and swimming with the dolphins.
The archipelago is the second best group of islands in the world for sustainable tourism, according to National Geographic Traveller.

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