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Baby sitting - 'social responsibility in Sperm whales'.

clock July 16, 2009 03:16 by author Justin Hart

Sperm whales have a problem.  They find most of their food in the mesopelagic zone, typically at depths more than 600m deep,
but their calves are unable to dive this deep for very long (the youngest cannot even reach these depths).  This means that
whilst the adults and sub-adults from a social group are foraging the calves have to remain on or near the surface where
they are vulnerable to predators. To help protect them but also probably to help prevent the calves from getting lost older
members of the social group take it turns to baby sit.  Adult females in the group will also give milk to any calf seeking
it not just their own offspring (see also our blog entry on ´peduncle diving´).  This means that a calf does not have to
struggle to keep up with its mother whilst she is diving for food.  A calf can get all the milk it needs by simply moving
between any of the groups females as they surface between dives.

The forehead and blow-hole of a baby Sperm whale seen as it passes close by our boat. 

Yesterday during our afternoon whale watch we saw an excellent illustration of baby sitting in Sperm whales but also perhaps
how they sometimes chose to communicate at the surface by breaching.  In the course of the trip we had already seen a
variety of different females and sub-adult males from one group surfacing between dives but also two very young calves.
After an interlude when none of the whales were at the surface we suddenly saw one sub-adult bull breach twice in the
distance.  We immediately moved the boat to where this whale lay at the surface and there, almost certainly in response to
his signal, we witnessed the two calves speedily swimming to his side (see photo). An amazing sight and a noteworthy
observation too – at least good anecdotal evidence of why Sperm whales sometimes breach and that in their social groups not
only mothers take responsibility for the care of their young.  

Two Sperm whale calves being 'baby sat' by a sub-adult bull.

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Nuove leve tra i cetacei

clock July 13, 2009 21:26 by author Enrico

Una sola uscita di Whale Watching con noi è sufficiente per accorgersene: in questo periodo molte specie di cetacei hanno i cuccioli!
Nell'immensità dell'oceano Atlantico, le Azzorre costituiscono un riparo dal mare aperto e dai predatori che spesso vi si aggirano, fornendo un habitat ideale per le mamme che si apprestano a partorire e allevare i propri piccoli.
Se confrontati con gli adulti, i neonati dei cetacei tutto sono meno che nuotatori provetti. Onde molto alte possono rendere difficoltosa la respirazione in superficie, dato che l'apertura e chiusura dello sfiatatoio (o dei due sfiatatoi, nei misticeti) non avviene con la stessa precisione millimetrica che li contraddistinguerà quando saranno più cresciuti.

Le acque intorno a Pico, inoltre, sono ricche di cibo, elemento fondamentale per una mamma capodoglio o delfino che debba sostenere lo sforzo dell'allattamento.
Produrre latte richiede molta energia! Nei misticeti (i cetacei con i fanoni) il periodo dell'allattamento avviene spesso in acque così povere di cibo che le mamme possono perdere fino a 1/4 o addirittura 1/3 del proprio peso corporeo.

 
Un cucciolo di Tursiope (Tursiops truncatus) riemerge di fianco alla sua mamma

Nel maggio di quest'anno abbiamo osservato molti piccoli di Delfini comune (Delphinus delphis) e di Grampo (Grampus griseus). In giugno ci hanno raggiunto le Stenelle maculate atlantiche (Stenella frontalis) con autentiche frotte di piccoli e dolcissimi cuccioli. 
Più di recente, è stato il turno di Tursiops truncatus, il grande e leggendario Tursiope (vedi foto di sopra).


Un cucciolo di Delfino comune (Delphinus delphis) salta in sincronia con la sua mamma 

C'è ancora di più: in data 1/7/2009 e 9/7/2009 abbiamo avuto la fortuna di incontrare un gruppo di Mesoplodonti di Sowerby con i loro cuccioli e, come è facile immaginare, non mancano nella nostra lista gli incontri con i piccoli di Capodoglio (Physeter macrocephalus).
Il cucciolo nella foto di sotto è davvero un neonato! La sua piccola pinna dorsale è ancora flaccida e il dorso è molto rugoso. Si tratta di un animale di circa 4m, le dimensioni del capodoglio alla nascita. Quando la sua mamma si è immersa in profondità per andare a caccia di calamari, abbiamo notato che due giovani capodogli si sono avvicinati al piccolo - noi lo chiamiamo baby-sitting!

 
Baby-sitting - un neonato di Capodoglio (Physeter macrocephalus)  assistito da un giovane del suo gruppo

 

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New additions...

clock July 10, 2009 00:49 by author Justin Hart

The Azorean archipelago appears to provide a safe refuge from the open ocean (and whatever dangers lurk there) for some cetaceans to give birth.  Perhaps it’s the combination of sheltered waters and rich foraging habitats. The provision of sheltered waters could be very important. New born cetaceans are not adept swimmers and are vulnerable in rough sea conditions when they may become exhausted and drown. An abundance of food is also important. Mothers need to remain well fed so that they can produce sufficient milk for their offspring.

A Bottlenose dolphin calf surfaces alongside its mother.

Earlier in the year during May we saw many new born Common Dolphins Delphinus delphis and Risso's Dolphins Grampus griseus. In June, soon after their arrival, many of the Atlantic Spotted Dolphins Stenella frontalis also gave birth.  Most recently we have seen new born Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops truncatus (see photo). Yesterday we also saw two adult Sowerby's beaked whales Mesoplodon bidens with a small calf but best of all we saw a very recently born Sperm whale calf Physeter macrocephalus (see photo).  The calf looked tiny alongside its mother (perhaps just 3-4m long, its dorsal fin still bent over).  When the mother 'turned tail' to deep dive in search of food, two smaller sub-adults quickly moved to baby-sit the calf swimming protectively either side of it. A wonderful sight.

A new born Sperm whale calf swims alongside a protective sub-adult.

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Le code dei Capodogli: non ne esistono due uguali!

clock July 9, 2009 05:00 by author Enrico

Le pinne caudali dei capodogli, così come per balene e balenottere, hanno caratteristiche uniche per ogni individuo, proprio come le impronte digitali nell'uomo.
A differenza delle nostre impronte digitali, però, le caratteristiche che conferiscono unicità alle code dei capodogli possono essere colte anche a occhio nudo.

 

 

 

Fortunatamente, il Capodoglio solleva la coda fuori dall'acqua prima di immergersi per andare a caccia di calamari, rendendo possibile la fotoidentificazione.
Poter distinguere un individuo da un altro è fondamentale per diversi motivi. Permette di stimare il numero di individui in una popolazione, di seguire i momenti dei singoli animali, di capire come utilizzano il loro habitat.

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Tail-flukes - everyone's different.

clock July 7, 2009 01:51 by author Justin Hart

Variation in the markings on and shape of whale tail-flukes are often sufficiently
different between animals to be used to identify individuals. 
Here, we see a lot of Sperm whale tail-flukes and can testify that each differ,
some markedly. The photo mosaic illustrates some of the flukes we have seen.

 

 

 

Photo-identification of whale tail-flukes is a useful tool when studying whales.
Repeat observation of the same individuals allows us to track their movements and estimate
their age. This kind of information can be useful in scientific studies of their social
behaviour, habitat use, foraging behaviour, annual migrations and their survival.
If you want to find out more about photo-identification try following up these links:

http://azoresphotoid.blogspot.com/

http://europhlukes.maris2.nl/

http://www.seawatchfoundation.org.uk/docs/Photo-IDGuidelines.pdf

http://virtualology.com/aquatichall/whalesperm.com/

http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/projects/namsc/namsc.html

 

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Join us for an unforgettable holiday!

The Azores are one of the very top destinations in the world for whale watching and swimming with the dolphins.
The archipelago is the second best group of islands in the world for sustainable tourism, according to National Geographic Traveller.

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